Keep it balanced
An equation is like a set of scales. Whatever you do to one side, do exactly the same to the other, and it stays true.
x + 4 = 10subtract 4 from both sidesx = 6
Undo with the opposite
To get x on its own, undo what's been done to it using the inverse operation.
| You see | Do this to both sides |
| x + 5 | Subtract 5 |
| x − 5 | Add 5 |
| 5x | Divide by 5 |
| x5 | Multiply by 5 |
Reading the notation
5x means 5 × x. A number written in front of a bracket multiplies everything inside it, so 3(x + 2) means 3 × (x + 2). A fraction line means divide: x4 is x ÷ 4.
Order of operations (BIDMAS)
Calculations happen in this order: Brackets, Indices, Division and Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction. When solving, undo them in reverse: deal with adding and subtracting first, then multiplying and dividing, then brackets.
2x + 3 = 11subtract 3 first, then divide by 2x = 4
Brackets
Either divide both sides by the number outside the bracket, or expand it by multiplying each term inside:
a(b + c) = ab + acfor example3(x + 4) = 3x + 12
A minus sign in front of a bracket changes every sign inside: −(x + 3) = −x − 3, and −2(x − 5) = −2x + 10.
Square brackets are just brackets. They're used when one bracket sits inside another, and you work from the outside in.
4[5(x − 3) + 8] = 212divide by 4 first5(x − 3) + 8 = 53
Collecting like terms
Terms with x combine with each other, and plain numbers combine with each other.
4x + 7 + 2x = 6x + 7
x on both sides
Subtract the smaller x term from both sides, so x only appears once.
5x + 2 = 3x + 10subtract 3x from both sides2x + 2 = 10
Fractions
Multiply both sides by the number on the bottom to clear the fraction. With more than one fraction, multiply by the lowest common denominator: the smallest number they all divide into.
x + 32 = 5multiply both sides by 2x + 3 = 10
x2 + x3 = 5multiply both sides by 63x + 2x = 30
Negative numbers
Two minuses multiplied or divided make a plus. Dividing a negative by a negative gives a positive answer.
−3x = −12divide both sides by −3x = 4
Check your answer
Put your value of x back into the original equation. If both sides come out the same, you're right.
3(x + 4) = 21 with x = 33 × 7 = 21✓